Comparing Symbolism in Poe :: essays research papers

Looking at the Symbolism of the Houses in the Red Death and House of Usher      Most stories have events of imagery. Images are utilized regularly from multiple points of view. For example, the Bald Eagle is utilized to represent the assurance and honorability of our United States of America. In both the Masque of the Red Death and the Fall of the House of Usher, the representative idea of the House assumes a basic job.      The House in the Red Death was an exceptionally detailed and vivid foundation. Each room within this huge house is brightened in an alternate tone. The easternmost room is enlivened in blue, with blue recolored glass windows. The following room is purple with a similar shading recolored glass windows, at that point green, at that point orange, at that point white, at that point violet. The seventh room is dark, with red windows. Going with this last room is a mammoth wooden clock. Consistently on the hour the clock emanates a stunning gong, which puts a quick end to any continuous exercises. The way that the rooms go from east to west should represent life on earth. The sun ascends in the east, sets in the west. Our life cycle likewise follows that design. In the event that you take a gander at a regular twenty-four hour day, the day is â€Å"born† in the east and â€Å"dies† in the west. Alongside the rooms following an east to west example, the shading plans in the rooms additionally follow this example. The primary rooms go from blue, which speaks to the start of the day, or life, to purple, green, orange lastly the white room speaks to early afternoon. Next comes violet followed by the last room, which is dark with red windows representing the day's end, or the finish of life. The entire reason for these rooms being improved in any case is because of the way that Prince Prospero has chosen to toss a ball for all the rich individuals in the close by town, which is being tormented by a lethal ailment known as the Red Death. All the rich people flee to the manor in order to elude the Red Death. Meanwhile at the ball, everybody is making some extraordinary memories. It appears just as they are dismissing the way that there is a plague going on. They nearly have the mindset that as long as they cover up out in the chateau, they will be invulnerable to the Red Death.

The Development Of Womens Football

The Development Of Womens Football Britain is known for the home of football, in any case, womens football despite everything gets next to no open acknowledgment. Not at all like nations, for example, Norway, Germany, and the USA, which are viewed as a portion of the main womens football countries, Womens football in England gets a lot of lower status, fame and acknowledgment. This article will investigate the historical backdrop of womens football, how womens football is presented to the media, the connection between womens football, government and financial aspects lastly the effect that womens football has on society today. The main English womens football crew, The British Ladies, was established in 1884. In any case, the genuine establishment stone for womens football was laid during World War 1. Before the finish of the nineteenth century, there was a huge number of new openings for common laborers ladies who were called up to work in manufacturing plants and who played in sorted out groups to fund-raise for the war exertion. Dick Kerrs women proceeded to be one of the best women football crews in the nineteenth century. Pfister et al (1999) clarified that The advancement of Dick Kerrs women embodies that the standard of womens football had risen significantly since its initial years and players currently prepared routinely and deliberately so as to improve their condition as well as to refine their ball aptitudes and practice strategic moves. In 1920, Dick Kerrs women were designated to become Englands national football crew, the prominence of womens football constantly advanced and by 1921 there were 150 womens football crews in England. Because of the developing ubiquity of womens football, it was viewed as a danger towards the mastery of football by men. This prompted FA crusading against womens football. The FA lead deceitful incriminations towards the womens game, blaming them for abuse of good cause cash and poor monetary administration just as having assessments on clinical and moral factors that ought to keep ladies from playing football. The accompanying goals was embraced; Grumblings having been made as to Football being played by ladies, Council feel incited to communicate their solid supposition that the game is very unacceptable for females and ought not be supported (Williamson, 1991). In December 1921 womens football in England was at long last restricted. They were prohibited from playing on FA class grounds and any authorities, coaches and clubs were suspended for being engaged with womens football. Somewhere in the range of 1921 and 1972 the womens game was constrained underground and the ladies kept on playing without a group structure. Because of the England mens group winning the world cup in 1966 the renaissance of womens football began to start and on the first November 1969, the Womens Football Association of England was established as the replacement of the English Ladies football affiliation. In 1985, the womens England group triumphed in the Italian Little World Cup and afterward won for a second time in 1988. Anyway in 1991, because of the quick development of interest, the expanded regulatory necessities, and the solid custom of volunteerism, the destruction of the WFA started. In November 1993, the FA blended the WFA. Thus womens football started to improve under the FA. For instance, Umbro and Adidas started to gracefully womens groups with hardware, players began to get an every day remittance of  £15, and the alliances turned out to be progressively organized. In 1993 when the FA took over yonder were roughly eleven thousand enrolled female footballers. Today, there are more than 100,000 enrolled female footballers. However in spite of this ascent, it despite everything lingers behind nations, for example, the United States where there are 7.8 million players. For a nation which guarantees the excellent game as its legacy, how can it be that the US ladies are more loved to womens football than our own? (Dhaliwal, 2005) One of the fundamental issues with womens football is the absence of media introduction. One of the most compelling components of the broad communications is Television, anyway it has by and large denied capacity to ladies through its exclusionary approach, specifically it has ignored ladies by its inability to broadcast womens group activities. In the womens football season 20011-2012, just 5 association games were appeared on ESPN and the FA Cup last which was appeared on Sky Sports. Dubiously the FA cup last which occurred on 26th May 2012 between Birmingham City Ladies and Chelsea women was stopped as Sky Sports decided to change from live transmission of that match to the development for the League One play-off last. A booking botch by Sky implied that when Birmingham City Ladies scored a late equalizer in additional opportunity to take the match to punishments implied that it would conflict with the development to the Mens League one season finisher last. The mens group one play off develop was regarded to be increasingly significant that the womens FA cup, which in mens football is probably the greatest rivalry in English football. The Liverpool Ladies chief, Vicky Jones (2012) communicated her perspectives addressing Would this have occurred for the Mens FA Cup Final! Another issue with the media in womens football is the absence of female moderators. Woodhouse et al (2005) keep up that skys live inclusion is too essential to be in any way offered up to female moderators who may break the firmly manliness and technocratic talks set up by the ex-players and current stars who give the foundation discussions to live matches. Men here are essentially thought to be specialists. It was distinctly in 2007 where Jacqui Oatley turned into the main ever female reporter for the BBC. In any case, again there was contention when Dave Basset (2007) a previous footballer and administrator announced I will be changing channels when Oakleys voice goes ahead air in light of the fact that so as to commentate you should have a comprehension of the game and strategies, and so as to do that you have to have played the game. In 2011 a comparable occurrence happened when Richard Keys and Andy Gray had offered chauvinist remarks made about female ref Sian Massey. They had later been sacked from sky for these remarks. Sexism has consistently had an immense impact in football in England ,this is on the grounds that football has consistently been believed to be a run of the mill keeps an eye on game. Then again in numerous different nations, for example, Italy, Sweden and the USA womens football is acknowledged and football is viewed as a national game that isn't male overwhelmed or controlled. Jackie Bass (2012) Regional Club Partnership Manager of football expressed Sexism in football resembles its the last segregation act that exists as well as is regarded satisfactory to exist. Papers female writers, what amount is distributed? As of now, the womens football head association primary sponsorship is Tesco, and the principle sponsorship for the FA Cup is Eon. The national group gets their financing from essential backers, for example, Umbro which is shared over the senior, under 18 and under 16 groups. Thus on the FA being answerable for the subsidizing of all regions of English football, it is elusive explicit financing on womens football. In any case, leader of the national game Kelly Simmons (2012) expressed; FA spends around 6,000,000 per year on England, FAWSL pyramid, FA Womens cup and ability advancement. Game England gets the subsidizing from the lottery great purposes conspire. Around 2,000,000 pounds a year is accommodated the focuses of greatness, anyway they have likewise put 25 million more than four years into grassroots which is for the two young men and young ladies. The FA puts 50m per year into childrens and grassroots and its all young men and young ladies and in this way difficult to part out. The Government additionally gives Football Foundation 10m every year for grassroots offices. Again this is hard to isolate out as it fundamentally goes to huge pitch locales and school destinations where all men, ladies, young men and young ladies play. Despite the fact that the English FAs money related help for the womens game has expanded throughout the years (from 150,000 out of 1993,  £310,000 in 1995,  £530,000 in 1997, and evaluated up to a Million will be subsidized in 1999), this sum is as yet one hundred and multiple times not exactly the FA sends on mens football. (Lopez, 1996) Some womens football crews additionally get extraordinary help from mens clubs monetarily, anyway a few clubs are not as strong contribution little assistance other than with arrangement of group pack. One of the most steady clubs is Arsenal FC, they offered incredible monetary help as well as empowered the womens group to approach great offices, the mens preparing grounds and intermittent utilization of the Emirates arena. Faye White (2006) perceived the budgetary duty from the mens club as having been generally excellent throughout the years and continually improving, which had been a factor in the groups achievement. Then again there are various mens proficient clubs, for example, Manchester United and Fulham FC, which have pulled back financing from their individual womens groups. Priest of game, Hugh Robertson (2006) accepted clubs which were in a situation to pay high wages and which profited by significant financing from sponsorship and broadcasting rights bargains had a touch of social obligation to impart a portion of those returns to womens football clubs Government activities In October 2012 the FA propelled another activity for the advancement of womens football called The Game Changer. This is because of the unimaginable year of womens football that has driven t a great deal of enthusiasm into the game. The GB Womens football crew advanced toward the quarter finals in the Olympics. notwithstanding this the England Womens group qualified unbeaten for the 2013 UEFA European Championship Finals in Sweden, with the last two home games communicate live on earthbound TV. At last, the second period of The FA WSL was finished. FA Chairman David Bernstein said; Womens football is the zone with the most potential for development in the countries most loved game. The FA will make these key responsibilities, for example, Creating an Elite Performance Unit (EPU) and

How Protective Factor Stops PTSD From Occurring

How Protective Factor Stops PTSD From Occurring PTSD Print How Protective Factor or Resilience Prevents Development of PTSD Why Not Everyone Who Has a Traumatic Event Develops PTSD By Matthew Tull, PhD twitter Matthew Tull, PhD is a professor of psychology at the University of Toledo, specializing in post-traumatic stress disorder. Learn about our editorial policy Matthew Tull, PhD Updated on January 26, 2020 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes & Risk Factors Treatment Living With In Children gawrav / Getty Images A protective factor refers to anything that prevents or reduces vulnerability for the development of a disorder. Common protective factors include the availability of social support and the use of healthy coping strategies in response to stress. A number of protective factors for PTSD following the experience of a traumatic event have been identified.  It is important to understand which factors contribute to a person overcoming trauma or responding to it with resilience,  especially given that many people are exposed to traumatic events at some point in their lives. However, not everyone who has experienced a traumatic event has developed or will develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). So, what differentiates those people exposed to a traumatic event who do not develop PTSD from those who do? Resiliency and Recovery Many people have conducted research that attempts to identify which characteristics increase the likelihood that someone will develop PTSD following a traumatic event. A number of  risk factors  have been identified, including the  type of traumatic event, history of mental illness and a persons response at the time of the event. Fewer people have examined what characteristics protect someone from PTSD and other problems after the experience of a traumatic event. These researchers have been interested in identifying characteristics that promote resiliency and recovery. Characteristics Linked to Resiliency In a review of all of the research on resiliency and recovery following a traumatic event, a number of protective factors connected were identified. These factors are: The ability to cope with stress effectively and in a healthy manner (not avoiding)Being resourceful and having good problem-solving skillsBeing more likely to seek helpHolding the belief that there is something you can do to manage your feelings and cope.Having social support available to youBeing connected with others, such as family or friendsSelf-disclosure of the trauma to loved onesSpiritualityHaving an identity as a survivor as opposed to a victimHelping othersFinding positive meaning in the trauma All of these characteristics distinguished those who were able to recover from a traumatic experience and those who may have developed PTSD or other problems following a traumatic experience. Building a Foundation for Recovery Think of these protective or resiliency factors as a foundation for recovery. The stronger these factors, the more likely they will be able to shore you up during times of extreme stress. It is important to realize that the majority of the factors identified above are under your control. That is, you can develop these characteristics. Establish close and supportive relationships with others. Learn new healthy ways of coping with stress. Start helping others in your community. Seek help for any difficulties you may be experiencing. A psychotherapist can help you develop the protective factors necessary to bounce back from a traumatic event and prevent you from developing full-blown PTSD. Experiencing a traumatic event can have a major disruptive impact on a persons life. You can be a survivor and start taking the steps to take your life back.

Michelangelo and The Sistine Chapel Frescos Essay

On the 10th of May 1508 I signed a contract to agree to fulfill Pope Julius’commission on painting the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. I had bad feelings about thewhole thing from the day Julius commissioned me to paint instead of sculpt. I am anarchitect and sculptor not a fresco painter. It is not that I doubt my ability’s to completesuch a task, but I believe that there are other artists that would be much better suited for the job than I. It is of course an honor to be chosen to paint such a ceiling and Julius isfar to stubborn to find anyone else but myself, so I will paint and I will make it one of thegreatest fresco paintings there will ever be.(Brandes, 254). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The scaffolding that was to be used for†¦show more content†¦(Brandes, 260). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;I sent my assistants back to Florence because I knew that this was my vision andmy responsibility to paint this ceiling. I started today with The Drunkenness of Noah, itis so uncomfortable to paint in this position that I must be in to paint such a ceiling. Itsometimes makes me wonder why I am here. I will paint this ceiling, not for the popeand not for the Romans but for myself, to fell proud of my own work. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;To show the reality in this painting of Noah I will place him collapsed on theground next to a jug of wine. His sons will be around him giving him support andcomfort as he struggles to understand what God’s plan is for him and his family. Noah issuch a peaceful man with a lot on his mind and this is how I will paint him. (Camesasca, 91). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;I am now working on The Flood. This painting brings out a lot of emotion in me,there is a sense of fear and terror among the crowd of people who are about to be wipedaway from the earth. I want the wind to be a great force in this fresco to give the effectof a great storm. The trees are about to be uprooted and the people will run for shelterand higher ground. This painting of the greatShow MoreRelatedThe Sistine Chapel and the Creation of Adam900 Words   |  4 Pages The Sistine Chapel and the Creation of Adam Michelangelo(1475-1564) The sistine Chapel and mainly the Creation of Adam fresco are treasures to the world of art, Michelangelo the creator brought his discipline of sculpting into painting the frescoes and the human silhouette. The story of the Sistine Chapel starts with the building itself, built in 1473 under the supervision of Giovannino de Dolci. It is located in Vatican, Which is almost like the capital for catholicism. VaticanRead More Michelangelo Essay594 Words   |  3 PagesMichelangelo Michelangelo Buonarrotti, although considered by many a Florentine, was actually born in Caprese, Italy in 1475. Michelangelo was an inspired artist of the Renaissance period. He and Leonardo DaVinci were considered to be the two greatest figures of this highly artistic movement. Michelangelo was a highly versatile artist and was involved in sculpting, architecture, painting, and even poetry. .At the age of 13, he was apprenticed to Domenico Ghirlandaio, who at the time wasRead MoreThe Period Of The Renaissance1449 Words   |  6 Pagesis none other than Michelangelo Buonarroti.1 Michelangelo created many masterpieces in his lifetime, but the most astounding piece of   work he has done is the fresco on the ceiling of Rome’s Sistine Chapel along with the The Last Judgment on the altar wall that was commissioned by Pope Paul III. Michelangelo’s work for the paintings done in the Sistine Chapel would be one of the most influential frescos of his time with its patr onage and ideas of the Renaissance.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Michelangelo was born on MarchRead MoreThe Sistine Chapel Essay2464 Words   |  10 PagesMichelangelo’s work in the Sistine Chapel is one of the greatest pieces of fresco work in the Italian Renaissance. Every year millions of people travel to the Vatican to see this impressive work . Not only is the Sistine Chapel an attraction for art lovers, but for Christians the Sistine Chapel is considered one of the holiest chapels in our world today . However, the Sistine Chapel like any other works of art was designed to send a message to its viewers. Like most art commissioned by the CatholicRead More Michelangelo Buonarroti Essay1198 Words   |  5 Pages Michelangelo Buonarroti nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Michelangelo Buonarroti was born in 1475. He was born in a small town called Caprese, in Tuscany, Italy. Michelangelo was one of the most famous artists of the Italian Renaissance. According to Charles de Tolnay Michelangelos three greatest works of his later life, were the Tomb of Pope Julius II, the Sistine Chapel ceiling, and the Medici Chapel(37). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Michelangelos specialty was painting the human body unclothedRead MoreThe Controversial Restoration of the Sistine Chapel849 Words   |  3 Pages The restoration of the Sistine Chapel in the 1980’s and 90’s was very controversial. This issue began because Michelangelo, the painter of the Sistine Chapels ceiling, did the painting as a fresco. This means that the paint was absorbed in the wall, thus becoming part of the wall itself. Like many other walls and building, over time they began to crack and deteriorate. During the time of the consideration of the restoration of the chapel, the fresco had been up for over 500 years. As one would expectRead MoreMichelangelo s Influence On Art1455 Words   |  6 PagesMichelangelo was influenced by many different factors, including religious views and other philosophies that were actively practiced in the 15th century. Neo-Platonism was among the philosophies that had a profound influence during the Ren aissance. The Neo-Platonic thought states that the universe is structured with God at the top, and everything else leading up to God in a series of steps underneath him. Buonarroti was a very religious person, who believed that all art and even his artistic skillsRead MoreThe Creation Of Adam s Ceiling Essay1315 Words   |  6 PagesThe Creation of Adam is a fresco painting by Michelangelo, which is on the Sistine Chapel s ceiling. The Sistine Chapel forms part of the large Papal Chapel built within the Vatican by Pope Sixtus IV. Pope Julius II asked Michelangelo to paint the Sistine Chapel’s ceiling in 1508. Michelangelo painted the ceiling from July 1508 to October 1512. The creation of Adam was painted in 1511. In fact, The Creation of Adam took less than three weeks to complete. In the Sistine Chapel’s this painting isRead More Magnificent Minds Of The Renaissance in Europe Essay856 Words   |  4 Pagesdexterity and skill. The amazing achievements of Michelangel o, Raphael, and Leonardo da Vinci are considered significant to the Renaissance period. In this paper, the endeavors and achievements of these three Renaissance men will be examined and expressed. Born in 1475 in Italy, Michelangelo was raised in an era of artistic wonder. Not only an artist, but Michelangelo was also a poet, sculptor, and architect. Being gifted in these fields, Michelangelo wrote beautiful poetry and created magnificentRead MoreRestoration Of Restoration And Conservation2099 Words   |  9 Pagesfor restoration and conservation is strong, however, the results of restoring works of art history can come with heavy criticism. The team selected to restore the Sistine chapel ceiling, between 1980 and 1999 (Beck pg. 64), very well know this to be true. Before moving into the controversy surrounding the cleaning of the Sistine chapel ceiling, it is imperative to understand the origin of this grand work of art. During the fifteenth century, the location of the Pope’s Roman residence had moved

Essay about Self-Motivation is Empowering - 563 Words

Motivation is a very strong tool we can use to get further in life and to achieve our dreams and goals. Setting goals for ourselves is something that I consider to be very important, I believe in always pushing myself further and further in life, not only physically but mentally as well. We all have different things or tools we can use to motivate us towards our end goals. In order for us to stay motivated we have to have a goal and be driven towards achieving that goal. For me, self-motivation is empowering. Finding something that I enjoy and love to do and setting the final goal of achieving it. My main goal that I have set right now is to work towards finishing my degree. My motivation behind this is to be able to get a better job and†¦show more content†¦I am learning to take each assignment and task one at a time. Simply complete what the task at hand is and then move on to the next. I feel by doing so, I will be able to complete my degree along with knowing that I have faith in myself to push myself and motivate myself along the way. By going back to school and getting my degree I am opening up potentially lots of doors for myself in the future. I am setting a good example for my boys and that no matter what age you are, it is never too late to go back to school and further your education. Education is the key to opening up positions in the workplace that someone without an education would not be able to pursue. The benefits will far out way the time and work that it will take for me to complete my degree. This will be something that I can be proud of and prove to myself and others that no matter how hard the goal may seem or how long it may take you to reach the end results, it is always worth it to follow your dreams. I am extremely motivated to accomplish this goal for myself. Motivation is the key to succeeding our goals and dreams. You can do anything that you set your mind to as long as you continue to motivate yourself and others around you. Keeping a positive attitude and having an end goal in mind to work towards, you will be able to find the motivationShow MoreRelatedWhat Is Selfless Service Or Servant Leadership?1066 Words   |  5 PagesGen. Robert Dees,  in conjunction with Satterlee’s textbook Organizational Management Leadership,  the group  was in accord choosing  the  underlined  topics/concepts, which are: selfless service or servant leadership, vision, wisdom, integrity and empowering others.  Group Four felt that these  topics /  concepts are important for organization’s leaders,  since they  will  most definitely  improve  the character  traits  of leaders,  allowing them to  unify and motivate workers to create organizational wealth,Read MoreThe Attribution Theory And Development Of Co mpetence And Realization Of Potential Essay1517 Words   |  7 Pagesin a workplace through the idea that people of different status amongst a business environment are motivated by different things; top managers being motivated by self-developmental growth needs, whereas lower level employees strive to climb the hierarchy of needs. 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Employee learning orientation, transformational leadership, and employee creativity: The mediating role of employee creative self-efficacy. Academy of Management Journal, 52(4), 765-778 This article examines how employee creativity is related to job performance. The article asserts that employee performance is directly linked to employee creativity. In other words, enhanced employeeRead MoreEvaluate the Organization’s Involvement and Responsibility to the Community1482 Words   |  6 PagesMotivation and Empowerment Evelyn Hamilton, Aaron Pobleh and Regina Taylor CJA/474: Managing Criminal Justice Personnel November 26, 2012 Instructor: Pam McIver The term motivation and empowerment is a universal concept that is hoped to work towards the good of any organization. Motivation and empowerment does not come from rewards to employees but instead, recognition, responsibility and advancement. 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Then, an overview of the current research theories on empowering leadership and its effect on organizational culture is discussed. The discussion is followed by an analysis of the influence of leadership on organization effectiveness; including the influence leadership can have on addressing the issues of power

How does discrimination affect people with mental illness Free Essays

string(95) " are presenting to psychiatrists claiming to have and seeking a diagnosis of bipolar disorder\." People with mental health problems experience many different types of stigma. This article explores the attitudes and beliefs of the general public towards people with mental illness, and the lived experiences and feelings of service users and their relatives. Keywords: Mental health/Mental illness/Stigma/Discrimination This article has been double-blind peer reviewed 5 key points 1. We will write a custom essay sample on How does discrimination affect people with mental illness? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Stigma can affect many aspects of people’s lives 2. Self-stigma is the process in which people turn stereotypes towards themselves 3. How the general public perceive people with mental health problems depends on their diagnosis 4. Stigma can be a barrier to seeking early treatment, cause relapse and hinder recovery 5. Future research should investigate the experiences of service users and their families to understand and measure the impact of stigma Stigma can pervade the lives of people with mental health problems in many different ways. According to Corrigan (2004), it â€Å"diminishes self-esteem and robs people of social opportunities†. This can include being denied opportunities such as employment or accommodation because of their illness. Stigma in the form of social distancing has been observed when people are unwilling to associate with a person with mental illness. This might include not allowing the person to provide childcare, or declining the offer of a date (Corrigan et al, 2001). Self-discrimination or internalised discrimination is the process in which people with mental health problems turn the stereotypes about mental illness adopted by the public, towards themselves. They assume they will be rejected socially and so believe they are not valued (Livingston and Boyd, 2010). Being discriminated against has a huge impact on self-esteem and confidence. This can increase isolation from society and reinforce feelings of exclusion  and social withdrawal. The Queensland Alliance for Mental Health (2010) observed that people with mental health problems are â€Å"frequently the object of ridicule or derision and are depicted within the media as being violent, impulsive and incompetent†. It also found that the myth surrounding violence has not been dispelled, despite evidence to the contrary. In light of this, the Department of Health (2004) funded a programme called Shift, which aimed to reduce the discrimination that those with mental ill health face. The DH (undated) found that â€Å"many people with mental health problems say that the biggest barrier to getting back on their feet is not the symptoms of illness, but the attitudes of other people†. Reviewing the literature EBSCO was used to access the CINAHL, BNI and MEDLINE databases to search for available literature with the keywords â€Å"discrimination† and â€Å"mental† in article titles. This produced a total of 428 articles. The search was then limited to narrow down the number of results. Limits were applied as follows: Publication date was set between January 2000 and December 2010; Original research studies and journal articles were specified; The age range was limited to over 17 years old. The refined search resulted in 155 articles. In order to assess which articles were relevant, further inclusion and exclusion criteria were set. For example, articles that included the general public’s perception and attitudes towards mental health were included, and only primary research articles were used. Twelve articles matched the criteria. Findings The literature reviewed suggested that the way in which the general public perceive people with mental health problems depends on their diagnosis. Those with schizophrenia are seen as dangerous and unpredictable (Crisp et al, 2000). People with alcohol and drug addictions are not only seen as dangerous, but the public also blame them for their addiction (Crisp et al, 2005). There still seems to be a general consensus that anyone with mental  illness is unreliable, especially in terms of looking after children. Many believe having a mental illness reduces intelligence and the ability to make decisions (Angermeyer and Matschinger, 2005). Discrimination and stimga have been linked to ignorance and studies show the majority of the public have limited knowledge of mental illness, and the knowledge they do have is often factually incorrect. Many still believe schizophrenia means having a split personality. In addition, many do not understand the difference between mental illness and learning disabilities and there is still a common misconception that those with depression can â€Å"snap out of it† (Thornicroft, 2006). Depression and anxiety disorders do not have the same weight attached to them as psychotic illnesses but they are nonetheless stigmatised. People with depression are often seen as lazy and hard to talk to (Thornicroft, 2006). Public opinions seem to be held across the board, with no significant differences in relation to gender, education level and income. However, there were differences between age groups, with those in their teens or early 20s and those over 50 expressing the most negative attitudes (Alonso et al, 2009; Crisp et al, 2005). Crisp et al (2005) noted those in the 16-19-year age range had the most negative attitudes towards people with mental illness, particularly towards those with alcohol and drug addiction. These results are surprising considering widespread reports of young people’s alcohol and drug use. These findings reflect a â€Å"them† and â€Å"us† type of thinking and suggest that many of those who use alcohol and drugs do not consider the possibility that they could become addicted themselves. There were some indications that public opinion had become more positive, suggesting greater tolerance and understanding towards mental illness than in previous years (Angermeyer and Matschinger, 2005). However, these findings should be interpreted with caution; the DH (2001) found huge discrepancies between the views the public expressed in surveys and the actual behaviour as experienced or witnessed by service users and service providers. The media The media have often been accused of sensationalism by portraying mental illness inaccurately in their quest to gain higher ratings. However, the media can also play an important role in reaching out to many different audiences to promote mental health literacy. Celebrities such as Stephen Fry (diagnosed with bipolar disorder) have spoken publicly about their illness and this seems to be effective in reducing stigma (Blenkiron, 2009). Chan and Sireling (2010) described a new phenomenon in which patients are presenting to psychiatrists claiming to have and seeking a diagnosis of bipolar disorder. You read "How does discrimination affect people with mental illness?" in category "Papers" However, the lived experiences of mental health service users tell a different story to the findings on public attitudes. In the articles reviewed service users said they experienced stigmatising attitudes and behaviours in many aspects of their lives. Common themes emerged across the articles. Many people felt stigmatised as soon as they were diagnosed with a mental illness, and attributed this to the way in which their illness had been portrayed in the media (Dinos et al, 2004). Receiving a stigmatising label has such a negative effect on people that the Japanese Society of Psychiatry and Neurology – at the demand of the patients’ families group – changed the name of schizophrenia from â€Å"mind-split-disease† to â€Å"integration disorder† (Sato, 2006). Employment Many people with mental health problems experienced discrimination when applying for jobs. This included trying to explain gaps in their CV due to episodes of mental ill health. They not only experienced stigma when applying for jobs, but also found that when returning to work colleagues treated them differently, with some experiencing bullying, ridicule and demotion. Service users also faced the dilemma of whether to disclose their illness to friends, family, colleagues or future employers. Many felt they could tell their partner or parents about having a mental illness and still feel supported, but only 12% felt able to tell colleagues (Bos et al, 2009). Social stigma Service users reported social discrimination in the community, giving accounts of being physically and verbally attacked by strangers and neighbours, their property being vandalised, or being barred from shops and pubs; those with addictions or psychotic illness tended to experience this more than those with non-psychotic illness. Reports also included examples of being spoken to as if they were stupid or like children, being patronising and, in some instances, having questions addressed to those accompanying them rather than service users themselves (Lyons et al, 2009). Dinos et al (2004) found service users felt a range of emotions surrounding their experiences of discrimination, including anger, depression, fear, anxiety, isolation, guilt, embarrassment and, above all, hurt. Health and relationships Service users also encountered discrimination when accessing services such as GPs. They reported professionals as being dismissive or assuming that physical presentations were â€Å"all in the mind† (Lyons et al, 2009). This can result in reluctance to return for further visits, which can have a detrimental effect on physical health. This is especially significant, as evidence suggests people with mental illness are at greater risk from physical health problems, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity and respiratory disease; they also have a higher risk of premature death (Social Exclusion Unit, 2004). Developing mental illness can also lead to breakdowns in relationships with partners, family and friends. The SEU (2004) reported that a quarter of children had been teased or bullied because of their parents’ mental health problems. Evidence shows rates of comorbidity of drug and alcohol use and psychiatric problems are believed to be rising (SEU, 2004). Implications for nursing Stigma can affect many aspects of people’s lives. Even a brief episode of mental illness can have far-reaching effects on wellbeing, disrupting work, families, relationships and social interactions, impacting on the health and wellbeing not just of patients, but also of their families and friends. This can lead to further psychiatric problems such as anxiety and depression. Stigma can be a barrier to seeking early treatment; often people will not seek professional help until their symptoms have become serious. Others disengage from services or therapeutic interventions or stop taking medication, all of which can cause relapse and hinder recovery. If mental illness is treated early enough, it can reduce further ill health, and ultimately the risk of suicide. By intervening at the earliest possible opportunity, people may be able to avoid a full episode of mental ill heath, and retain their jobs, relationships or social standing. The International Council of Nurses (2008) said nurses are fundamental in helping with the â€Å"promotion, prevention, care, treatment and rehabilitation of people living with mental health problems and support of their families and communities†. It is therefore imperative to reduce the stigma surrounding mental health and stop these factors impinging on people’s mental wellbeing. The National Service Framework for Mental Health incorporated standards services must follow to provide consistent quality of care (DH, 1999). These included guidance on â€Å"social inclusion, health promotion, tackling stigma and the promotion of opportunities for a normal pattern of daily life†. The DH (2001) concluded that â€Å"everyone has mental health needs, whether or not they have a diagnosis of mental illness†. Box 1 features recommendations of ways to help reduce the stigma experienced by mental health service users. Recommendations As the media can play an important role in reaching out to many people, it is important to work with and educate them to ensure the portrayal of mental illness is factual, impartial and reliable As those aged under 19 years had particularly negative opinions towards all mental illness, attempts should be made to educate this age group about the issue, particularly on the dangers and effects of substance misuse and addiction In order to plan future services and shape policies further research must be undertaken with people who have direct experience of mental illness to gain more understanding of the impact stigma has on their lives Conclusion The literature confirms the public hold negative beliefs about those with mental health problems. Despite national campaigns, there has not been a significant change in the way the public perceive mental illness. While much research has been carried out to explore the public’s perception of mental illness, future research should explore the experiences of service users and their families, carers or people close to them to understand and measure the impact that stigma has on their lives. This, in turn, could help to shape interventions and policies for improved legislation to help stop the discrimination faced by those with mental illness. References: Alonso J et al (2009) Perceived stigma among individuals with common mental disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders; 118: 180-186. Angermeyer MC, Matschinger H (2005) The stigma of mental illness in Germany: A trend analysis. International Journal of Social Psychiatry; 51: 276-284. Blenkiron P (2009) Psychiatry in the Media. London: Royal College of Psychiatrists. Bos AE et al (2009) Mental illness stigma and disclosure: consequences of coming out of the closet. Issues in Mental Health Nursing; 30: 509-513. Chan D, Sireling L (2010) ‘I want to be bipolar’ †¦a new phenomenon. The Psychiatrist; 34: 103-105. Corrigan P (2004) How stigma interferes with mental health care. The American Psychologist; 59: 7, 614-625. Corrigan P et al (2001) Prejudice, social distance, and familiarity with mental illness. Schizophrenia Bulletin; 27: 219-226. Crisp AH et al (2005) Stigmatization of people with mental illnesses: a follow-up study within the Changing Minds campaign of the R oyal College of Psychiatrists. World Psychiatry; 4: 106-113. Crisp AH et al (2000) Stigmatisation of people with mental illnesses. The British Journal of Psychiatry; 177: 4-7. Department of Health (undated) Stigma. How to cite How does discrimination affect people with mental illness?, Essays

Elvis Presley Essay Research Paper The public free essay sample

Elvis Presley Essay, Research Paper The populace made Elvis Presley larger than life, better known than Jimi Hendrix, John Lennon and in some instances God Himself. I can non rather understand the Elvis fad. I don # 8217 ; t believe he was a fine-looking adult male, I don # 8217 ; t bask his music, I won # 8217 ; t blow my clip seeking to sit through one of his drilling, talentless films, and if, God forbid, I end up on my deathbed with some atrocious, incurable disease, I surely won # 8217 ; Ts make a pilgrims journey to Graceland to be miraculously healed. Jack Gould conveyed some of my feeling in the essay Television: New Phenomenon when he wrote, # 8220 ; Mr. Presley has no discernable vocalizing ability. # 8221 ; Although he gave off autos, hard currency, and gifts to friends, household, and sometimes, aliens, I can # 8217 ; t believe of any of his parts that merits his God-like position. Cults and # 8220 ; churches # 8221 ; have been formed to idolize him. We will write a custom essay sample on Elvis Presley Essay Research Paper The public or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page One such # 8220 ; church # 8221 ; named # 8220 ; The First Presleyterian Church of Elvis the Divine # 8221 ; in Colorado claims he paid them a visit, and he was as immature and in form as he was in his early old ages. There are web sites dedicated to turn outing that Elvis and Jesus are one and the same. Peoples claim to hold seen Elvis alive at food market shops and at Parkss. There is besides a web site devoted to the cloning of # 8220 ; The King # 8221 ; himself. Peoples have merely gone overboard idolizing Elvis! The same female parents and male parents who can # 8217 ; t understand boy or girl # 8217 ; s captivation with the Backstreet Boys are purchasing phials of Elvis # 8217 ; s perspiration from the Internet. It scares me to believe that some if these people will shortly be take parting in the countrywide ballot for a new president. Born January 8, 1935 to Gladys and Vernon Presley, the odds were against Elvis Aaron Presley from the minute the entered this universe. The fact that he ascended from his soil hapless roots to superstar position is a major factor of why he was so popular in the South among the lower in-between category, and the diverseness in his manner contributed to his miscellaneous fan base. In his adolescent old ages, Elvis absorbed the cultural facets and musical manner of Country, Gospel, and Rhythm A ; Blues. He lived in the South, where Country music was most prevailing, it was kind of a # 8220 ; given # 8221 ; for him for him to follow the state music manner. His parents were god-fearing church members, and Elvis often attended the all dark resurgences, where he enjoyed leaping about and singing the Gospel. It is besides known that Elvis spent rather a spot of clip on Memphis # 8217 ; s Beale Street, known for its Rhythm A ; Blues nines. When Elvis did unoriginal vocals that had been sung antecedently by other creative persons, he added his ain spirit that was made up of his assorted Gospel, Country, and R A ; B background. His manner drew diverse crowds, and vocals such as # 8220 ; Hound Dog # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; Don # 8217 ; t Be Cruel # 8221 ; went to # 1 in the Country, R A ; B and Pop charts. None of this justifies the deification of Elvis. After a brief stretch in the US Army, Elvis started concentrating more on films. He made a broad assortment of films, GI Blues, Blue Hawaii, Viva Las Vegas, and Fun in Acapulco to call a few. Although the films were fundamentally glorified music picture, as they contained no existent secret plan and a batch of vocalizing, these films and their vocals made 1000000s. I candidly think that if the # 8220 ; Elvis myth # 8221 ; that is discussed in Griel Marcus # 8217 ; s essay, Presliad, had non already been put in topographic point by Elvis’s fans, the films would non hold grossed half the money, and his calling would hold taken a bend for the worse. Marcus explains his theory of the Elvis # 8220 ; myth # 8221 ; in his essay, # 8220 ; Performing a sort of tremendous triumph instead than winning it, Elvis strides the boards with such glamors, such magnetic attraction, that he allows his audience to exceed their desire for his endowment. Action is irrelevant when one can merely please in the presence of a adult male who has made history, and who has triumphed over it. # 8221 ; Elvis could hold nose-whistled the Star Spangled Banner, and still made misss swoon at his public presentation. In 1969, he began his Vegas calling with the goad of his director, Colonel Parker. As the old ages passed and the lbs piled on, he and his married woman of 6 old ages, who was 11 old ages younger than he, divorced in 1973. The touring and visual aspects proved excessively much for the twosome. This plunged Elvis into a deep depression, and he started to doubt himself, and became more self-aware. Elvis loved down-home state cookery, and he would ingurgitate himself when non touring. When it came near to clip to tour once more, he would travel on pathetic diets, and compounded his wellness jobs by going hooked on non-prescription and prescription drugs, including diet pills and sleep inducement medicine. Many writers say that, in hindsight, toward the terminal Elvis was a complete muss onstage, muttering his words, and seeking his hardest to belt out his celebrated melodies. In the sympathetic life Elvis: The King of Rock # 8216 ; n # 8217 ; Roll, Rupert Matthews writes about a picture of his June 21, 1977 concert, # 8220 ; His face is bouffant, his motions decelerate and at one point he has to be helped unsloped. During interruptions in the music, when he speaks to the audience, he can hardly mumble and mumble. But despite this, he manages to execute with power and authority. # 8221 ; Elvis # 8217 ; s populace was so consumed with the myth of Elvis, they hardly noticed or cared. They merely cared that they were witnessing # 8220 ; The King # 8221 ; in individual, and what an award it was to be in his presence. Marcus stated, # 8220 ; It is as if there is nil Elvis could make to dominate a public presentation of his myth. # 8221 ; My reading of this is that Elvis # 8217 ; s calling was now controlled and being steered by his fans and anything he did, good or bad, to seek to alter the way or manner of his calling was worthless. Some Elvis-worshippers may believe the ground I don # 8217 ; t attention for Elvis may be the times in which I grew up. I extremely uncertainty that, as I have neer put anyone on a base and glorified him or her as so many have done with Elvis. When I began my research on this paper, I had no hint as to why anyone would blow a hebdomad of their life to go to # 8220 ; Elvis Week # 8221 ; and to pay court to the great # 8220 ; King of Rock # 8216 ; n # 8217 ; Roll. # 8221 ; Or why anyone would give all of his or her trim clip to make and keep a web site dedicated to a adult male who has been dead for 20+ old ages. After all of my research at the library and on the cyberspace, larning about his roots and his household, his rise to stardom, his military calling, his movie calling, his Vegas calling, and his personal life with all of its adult females and drugs, I still have no hint. Neither do the people who create the web sites or compose the books in award of him.

Beowulf Cycles free essay sample

BEOWULF To many, life seems to be one straight, narrow path but in Beowulf the notion of â€Å"rings† appears to be overwhelming. These rings can represent such diverse things like the course of existence, a hero’s glory, and vengeance. Through literal and figurative examples, rings in the poem represent reacquiring sequences and endless cycles. The idea of rings in Beowulf eludes the common thought of a â€Å"circle of life†. There are several situations within the poem where things return in a way in which they came. Beowulf opens with the story of the great Spear-Dane, Shield Sheafson. The poem reveals that he was abandoned as a child and found floating in the ocean. After his death, Shield’s people honor him with a lavish funeral and â€Å"decked his body no less bountifully with offerings than those first ones who cast him away when he was a child†(43-45). In this way, Shield (who has come from the sea) has completed his ring of life by returning to it. We will write a custom essay sample on Beowulf Cycles or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Shield’s plunder and treasures have also traveled full circle, as they were returned to him in death: Far-fetched treasures Were piled upon him, precious gear†¦ The massed treasure Was loaded upon him: it would Travel far out into the ocean. (36-42) It was unknown if this was the Danish king’s request, but it is evident that the bold warrior Beowulf would want something similar to Shield’s final send-off. â€Å"If the battle takes me, send back my breast-webbing that†¦Hrethel gave me, to Lord Hygelac† (452-454) is what Beowulf tells the Danes before facing Grendel, one of the wretched spawn of Cain. By saying this it is clear that Beowulf would prefer his armor returned to its point of origin, similar to Shield and his possessions. Grendel’s Mother also wished for her son’s arm to return back from where it came when she broke into Heorot to retrieve it. This repeated representation of people and objects involved in cycles is another way Beowulf hosts the idea of continuous rings. Rings as a literal form are also present in Beowulf. As actual objects, they form a circle, which is in fact never-ending. Rings also create a continuous legacy for their wearers. Throughout Beowulf, kings are repetitively called â€Å"ring-givers† or â€Å"giver of rings† (353). This is because in medieval times kings would give their most valiant warriors treasure. When Hrothgar is notified of the arrival of Beowulf he declares, â€Å"This is my hope; and for his heroism I will recompense him with a rich treasure† (384-385). Treasure would sometimes include neck- or arm-rings as tokens of gratitude for the warrior’s noble deeds. In fact, Beowulf received â€Å"two arm bangles†¦and rings† (1903-1904) for smiting Grendel and freeing Hrothgar’s people from his reign of terror. When worn these rings would be seen by many and would have the wearer recognized for their heroic feats. In Beowulf, recognition and fame are two themes that go hand and hand. By becoming well known from one’s actions, fame would be achieved. And in fame, comes eternal glory and a continuous place in history; much like the continuous structure of a ring or loop. A halo of vengeance is embodied within countless characters in the poem. This omnipresence surrounds individuals and monsters alike and drives them to an endless ring of revenge. It first starts when Grendel attacks the Danes in Hrothgar’s mead-hall, Heorot. His reign of terror lasts for 12 years. He â€Å"grabbed thirty men from their resting places† (122-123), took them to his lair, and brought back their butchered bodies. None other than the hero, Beowulf, could continue this early cycle of payback. Once he arrived in Heorot, he decided to face the monster unarmed. Even so, the mighty Geat ripped the outcast’s limb off, causing the â€Å"sinews to split and the bone-lappings to burst† (816-817). Accordingly, Grendel’s mother did not take the death of her son lightly. She too wreaked havoc on the mead hall by killing one of Hrothgar’s favorite warriors. At this, Beowulf stroke back and killed her. This ceaseless cycle of vengeance is another expression of â€Å"rings† in Beowulf. Again and again, the idea of an eternal, continuous, â€Å"ring† is presented in Beowulf. Through life and death, people and objects seem to return to where they once came. In the course of a hero’s career, kings have the power of providing him with undying fame. And finally, a cycle in also found through vengeance and abiding feuds.

The eNotes Blog Who Is Malala (And What Is She DoingNow)

Who Is Malala (And What Is She DoingNow) photo via  Business Insider In her 2013 memoir, I Am Malala, Malala Yousafzai recounts the profound influence that education has had on her own life and the eventual formation of her life goal: for girls to receive education worldwide. When she was denied education in her home country, Pakistan, she spoke out. At just the age of 11, she began to write undercover for BBC Urdu, educating readers on her life as a girl in Pakistan under Taliban rule. Her immense bravery in doing so led to her becoming a target of The Taliban, and in 2012 she was shot in the face. Both gripping and inspirational, Malala’s voice is poignant and telling in I Am Malala, leaving a lasting impression on all who read it. Malala describes and reflects these harrowing events in I Am Malala. With every step forward taken to reach her goal, the danger of doing so increased. Despite the danger, Malala never faltered and provides insight as to why she continued pursuing her goals. Malala is exceptionally persistent,   and reading her story reminds us all that an individual truly can make a difference. In addition to persistence as an important theme in I Am Malala, women’s rights and how it can benefit a country are equally prevalent and powerful themes. These powerful themes create a newfound conversation: between self and civic duty. Now, more than ever, it is important to remind ourselves of what she has been doing and why. â€Å"Let us pick up our books and our pens,† I said. â€Å"They are our most powerful weapons. One child, one teacher, one book and one pen can change the world.† What is she up to now? Currently, Malala is working with refugee camps to set up schools. She stated in an NPR interview that â€Å"these people do not become refugees by choice. It is the situation. [] We have to support them and then invest in these girls education because these girls know that if they want, if one day they go back home and they want to have a life, they want to achieve their dreams, then they must have an education.† While the tumultuous events in Syria are slowly fading in the background of media and even our minds, she has not forgotten the crisis state of the refugee crisis and has continued to work on improving refugee camps and setting up schools for girls. She has criticized Trump’s recent political decisions concerning refugees, claiming that she was â€Å"heartbroken that [] President Trump is closing the door on children, mothers and fathers fleeing violence and war.†    photo via  Malala Fund In 2013, Malala created her own foundation called Malala Fund. The fund’s objective is to champion every girl’s right to â€Å"12 years of free, safe, quality education.† She has been working with the foundation to provide education and set up more schools. Additional Projects Malala has also been working on a picture book for children titled Malala’s Magic Pencil. The title is based off a childhood TV show where a boy named Sanju owns a magic pencil. Malala always wanted one for herself but finds that even without a pencil, she can still make a positive change to the world. The book is targeted towards four to eight year olds with the aim to educate them on Malala’s history, her current mission, and the importance of education. She hopes that the audience â€Å"finds their magic pencil. [Her] magic pencil was [her] voice.† photo via  Bustle Malala Yousafzai is a highly influential woman, relentlessly pursuing her goal to provide education to young girls around the world. Whether reading her memoir, I Am Malala, or her children’s book, Malala’s Magic Pencil, her stories will resonate with readers, reminding them of the power of one’s voice and passion. Read the  I Am Malala summary and study guide  including themes, important quotes, and characters.

The Essence of Human Nature and the Fight between Good and Evil Essay

The Essence of Human Nature and the Fight between Good and Evil - Essay Example Nietzsche is doubtful of both language and "truth" because they are liable to adopt a fixed perspective toward things. Words, unlike thoughts, are fixed. Our thoughts can flow and change just as things in the universe flow and change, but a word, once uttered, cannot be changed because language has this tendency toward fixity, it expresses the world in terms of facts and things, which has led philosophers to think of the world as fixed rather than fluid. A world of rigid facts can be spoken about definitively, which is the source of our conception of truth and other absolutes, such as God and morality. Nietzsche sees the facts and things of traditional philosophy as far from rigid, and subject to all sorts of shifts and changes. He is particularly brilliant in analyzing morality, showing how our concept of "good," for instance, has had opposite meanings at different times. The underlying force driving all change is will, according to Nietzsche. In specific, all drives boil down to a will to power, a drive for freedom and domination over other things. The concept of "good" has had different meanings over time because facts and things depend for their meaning on ever-shifting and struggling wills, there is no such thing as one correct or absolute viewpoint. Every viewpoint is the expression of some will or other rather than try to talk about the "truth," we should try to remain as flexible as possible, looking at matters from as many different perspectives as possible. Nietzsche's ideal "philosophy of the future" is one that is free enough to shift perspectives and overturn the "tru ths" and other dogmas of rigid thinking. Such philosophy would see moral concepts such as "good" and "evil" as merely surfaces that have no inherent meaning; such philosophy would thus move "beyond good and evil." Nietzsche's ideal philosophers would also turn their will to power inward, struggling constantly against themselves to overcome their own prejudices and assumptions. Nietzsche's unorthodox views on truth can help to explain his unusual style. Though we can follow trains of thought and make connections along the way, there is no single, linear argument that runs through the book because Nietzsche does not see the truth as a simple, two-dimensional picture; he cannot represent it accurately with a simple linear sketch. Nietzsche sees the world as complex and three-dimensional: more like a hologram than a two-dimensional picture. And just as a hologram is a three-dimensional image made up of infinitesimal two- dimensional fragments, each approximating the whole, Nietzsche presents his worldview in a series of two-dimensional aphorisms, each approximating a more complex worldview (Overall Analysis and Themes, 2005).Between Nietzsche's first book, The Birth of Tragedy (1872), and one of his last, Beyond Good and Evil (1886), his thinking - that is, his orientation, his very presence - changes significantly. In the latter book, he criticizes the tradit ional philosophical emphasis on truth as well as its unreflective embrace of 'opposite values', such as appearance and reality. This same metaphysical truth and appearance-reality dualism, however, are essential aspects of his

Artical Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Artical - Article Example This document examines the significance of learning and classroom to the students. The relationship between student and the teachers affect the learning outcome in the classroom environment. Learning requires an interactive environment where both the learner and the tutor respect each other and create a peaceful and enabling learning atmosphere (Berliner & Calfee, 2013). Teachers have a responsibility to instill discipline in class, and the students take a keen interest in what they are taught. The discipline and respect between the learners and the teacher influence the communication between them and what the students can achieve (Berliner & Calfee, 2013). The teacher has a duty to manage the learning environment in the either in the classroom. Therefore, teachers play a vital role in education by influencing the learning environment and the outcome of the learning. Thinking about education and class invokes the role of teacher in establishing an enabling environment. The role of a teacher cannot be exaggerated because without the teacher there is little learning and students cannot achieve their targets. The teacher is concerned in giving guidelines to the students in order to achieve an individual target (Berliner & Calfee, 2013). They organize learners in the classroom and focus their mind towards a particular target. Learning is only possible through adequate instructions from the teachers on how to achieve specific goals. Teachers must be active in planning for various instructions on a given subject in order to achieve the learning goal (Berliner & Calfee, 2013). They ensure students can follow up what they are taught in the classroom and relate it to their specific goals in order to achieve the best outcome. Effective learning is possible through a well-designed classroom curriculum. The teacher has a responsibility to break down the learning

Colon Specific Drug Delivery

Colon Specific Drug Delivery ABSRACT The colon is a site where both local and systemic delivery of drugs can takes place. Colon specific drug delivery has achieved importance for the delivery of drugs for the treatment of local diseases associated with the colon like crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis etc. as well as for the systemic delivery of proteins, therapeutic peptides, antiasthmatic drugs, antihypertensive drugs and antidiabetic agents. A drug need to be protected from degradation, release and absorption in the upper part of GIT and then to be ensured abrupt and controlled release in the proximal colon. This article reviews a detailed study about need of colon specific drug delivery, limitation and challenges, factors affecting colonic drug delivery, different approaches of colon including some successful novel approaches such as CODESTM, Pulsinicap system, Port system, Colal pred system, Multiparticulate system and also a study on evaluation for site specific drug delivery to colon. INTRODUCTION Drug administration through an oral route is the most convenient and important route of administering drugs for systemic effect. At about 50% of the drug delivery systems available in the market are oral drug delivery systems and these systems have more benefits due to patient acceptance and ease of administration. During the last decade considerable interest has been given in developing site-specific formulations for targeting drugs to the colon. Colon specific drug delivery has achieved increased importance not only for the delivery of the drugs for the treatment of local disorders associated with the colon like Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, irritable bowel syndrome and constipation but also for the systemic delivery of proteins and peptides, antihypertensive drugs, antiasthmatic drugs and antidiabetic agents. The colon specific drug delivery system should have capability to protect the drug en route to the colon i.e. drug release and drug absorption should not occur in the stomach as well as the small intestine, and the bioactive agent should not be degraded in either of the dissolution sites but only released and absorbed once the system reaches the colon.1 Colon targeted drug delivery would additionally be valuable when a delay in absorption is desired from a therapeutically point of view in the treatment of diseases that have peak symptoms early in the morning, such as nocturnal asthma, angina or arthritis. The rapid advancement of biotechnology and genetic engineering resulted into availability of peptides and proteins at reasonable costs; there has been an increased interest in utilizing the colon as site for drug absorption. The potential candidates in this respect include analgesic peptides, oral vaccines, contraceptive peptides, growth hormone, insulin, erythropoietin, interferon, and interleukins (Saffran et al., 1988; Mackay and Tomlinson, 1993).2 The colon is a suitable absorption site for peptides and protein drugs due to: i) less diversity and intensity of digestive enzymes ii) less proteolytic activity of colon mucosa resulting in better prevention from hydrolysis and enzymatic degradation in duodenum and jejunum iii) increased systemic bioavailability iv) long colon residence time (5 days) and high responsiveness to absorption enhancers. There are number of methods or techniques through which colon drug targeting can be achieved, such as formation of prodrug, coating with pH sensitive polymers, coating with biodegradable polymers, designing formulations using polysaccharides, timed release system, pressure-controlled drug delivery systems, osmotic pressure controlled systems etc. Need of colon targeted drug delivery Colon targeted drug delivery system would asssure direct treatment at the disease site, lower dosing and fewer systemic side effects. Site-specific drug delivery system would allow oral administration of protein and peptide drugs, colon-specific formulation could also be used to prolong the drug delivery. Colon-specific drug delivery system is useful in the treatment of colon diseases. The colon is a site where both local or systemic drug delivery could be achieved. Topical treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, e.g. ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease. These inflammatory conditions are majorly treated with glucocorticoids and sulphasalazine (targeted). A number of others serious disorders of the colon, e.g. colorectal cancer, may also be capable of being treated more effectively if drugs were targeted to the colon. Formulations for colonic delivery are also suitable for delivery of drugs which are polar and/or susceptible to chemical and enzymatic degradation in the upper GI tract, highly affected by hepatic first pass metabolism, in particular, therapeutic proteins and peptides.3 Limitations and challenges in colon targeted drug delivery system A challenge in the development of colon specific drug delivery systems is to set up an appropriate dissolution testing method for in-vitro evaluation of the designed system. This is due to the rationale after a colon specific drug delivery system is quite different. As a site for drug delivery, the colon provides a near neutral pH, low digestive enzymatic activity, a long transit time and enhanced sensitivity to absorption enhancers; however, the targeting of drugs to the colon is very complicated. Owing to its location in the distal part of the alimentary canal, the colon is predominantly difficult to access. In addition to that the variation in pH values and different enzymes present throughout the gastrointestinal tract, through which the dosage form has to pass before reaching the target site, further complicate the consistency and delivery efficiency. Successful delivery through this site also needs the drug to be in solution form before it reaches the colon or alternatively, it should dissolve in the luminal fluids of the colon, but this can be a limiting factor for poorly soluble drugs as the fluid content in the colon is much lower and it is more viscous than in the upper part of the GI tract. The stability of the drug is also taken into consideration while designing a drug delivery system, because it may bind nonspecific way to dietary residues, intestinal secretions, mucus or faecal matter. Low surface area and relative tightness of the tight junctions in the colon can also limit drug transport across the mucosa and into the systemic circulation.4 Anatomy and physiology of colon The gastrointestinal tract is hollow muscular tube. It takes in nutrients and eliminate waste by such physiological processes as secretion, motility, digestion, absorption and excretion. Depending on structure and functions, the gastrointestinal tract is divided into the mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. The large intestine is approximately 1.5m in length and extends from the ileocaecal junctions to the anus. It is divided into four parts: caecum, colon, rectum and anal canal.5 The entire colon is approximately 5 feet (150 cm) long, and is divided into five major portions. Peritoneal folds called as mesentery which is supported by ascending and descending colon. The right colon consists of the caecum, ascending colon, hepatic flexure and the right half of the transverse colon. The left colon consists of the left half of the transverse colon, descending colon, splenic flexure and sigmoid. The rectum is the last anatomic segment before the anus. The human colon were shown in Figure1.The main functions of the colon is to make suitable environment for the growth of colonic microorganisms, storage reservoir of faecal contents, expulsion of the contents of the colon at an appropriate time and absorption of potassium and water from the lumen. The absorptive capacity is very high, at about 2000ml of fluid enters the colon through the ileocecal valve from which more than 90% of the fluid is absorbed6. The colon is involved in fermentation of polysaccharides and proteins, absorption of water and electrolytes and the formation, storage and elimination of faecal material. As a consequence of the functions of the colon, the colonic environment is generally viscous in nature. This could impact on the performance of drugs and delivery systems in this region of gut. Rapid water absorption in the ascending colon results in the distal colonic contents being more viscous. It has been estimated that the human colon contains only 220g of wet contents. In addition colon has a near neutral pH and is home to a viable microflora. These bacteria are involved in the fermentation of polysaccharides and proteins that have escaped digestion in the upper gut. Moreever the resident bacteria can also metabolize drug. The protein based drugs, insulin and calcitonin are rapidly degraded in simulated colonic contents5. Fig 1: Anatomy of colon Factors influencing colonic drug delivery: Physiological factors: 1. Transit through gastro intestinal tract Orally taken dosage forms first enters into stomach and small intestine via mouth and then reach colon. The nature and pH of the stomach affects the drug release and absorption. In order to effectively deliver tablet to colon in an intact form, the drug delivery systems should bypass the barriers in the stomach and small intestine. Gastrointestinal transit varies from 1 hr to 3 hrs depending upon the condition fasting or non-fasting respectively. In general, the small intestinal transit is not influenced by the physical state, size of the dosage form. The mean transit time of the dosage form is about 3-4 hours in order to reach the ileocecal junction and the time period is inconsistent. During this time the dosage form is exposed to enzymes present in small intestine. Compared to the other region of GIT, movement of material through the colon is slow. Total time for transit tends to be highly variable and influenced by number of factors such as diet particularly dietary fibre content , mobility, stress, disease condition and drugs. The colonic transit time is ranging from 20 to 30 hours, can be increase in presence of active disease 50 to 70 hours. Longer residence time with subsequent longer transit time and the contact of dosage form with micro flora in colon govern the release and improve absorption of drug from dosage form.7 Table 1: Transit time of dosage forms in GIT Organ Transit time(hr) Stomach >3 (fed) Small intestine 3-4 Large intestine 20-30 2. pKa of the drug, lipophilicity and gastrointestinal pH: The pH partition theory explains the process of drug absorption from the GIT and its distribution across all biological membranes. It states that for drug molecules of molecular weight greater than 100, which are mainly transported across the biological membranes by passive diffusion, the process of absorption is governed by: 1) The dissociation constant (pKa) of the drug. 2) The lipophilicity of unionized drug. 3) The pH at the absorption site. Since most of the drugs are weak electrolytes (weak acids or weak bases), their degree of ionization depends upon the pH of the biological fluid. If the pH on the either side of the membrane is different, then the compartment in which pH favors greater ionization of the drug will contain greater amount of drug, and only the unionized form of drug, if adequately lipid soluble, allowed to permeate the membrane passively until the concentration of unionized drug on both side of the membrane becomes equal i.e. until equilibrium is attained. The above statement of the hypothesis was on the basis of the assumptions that: 1) The GIT is a simple lipoidal barrier to the transport of drug. 2) Larger the fraction of unionized drug, faster the absorption(D. M. Brahmankar et al 2009). 3.pH of colon The pH of GIT varies in each individual. The food intakes, diseased state, etc.influences the pH of the GIT. This change in the pH in different regions of GIT is the basis for the development of colon targeted drug delivery systems. Coating with different polymers is done to target the drug to the site. Table 2: pH in different regions of gastrointestinal tract Part of GIT Ph Stomach (before meal) 1-2 Stomach (during digestion) 4 Smll intestine 6-7 Duodenum 6.6+0.5 Ileum 7.5+0.4 Caecum 6.4+0.4 Colon 5.5-7 Rectum 7 4. Colonic microflora A number of anaerobic and aerobic bacteria are present throghout entire length of the human GI tract. Over 400 different bacterial species have been found, 20-30% of which are of the genus bacteroids. The upper region of the GIT has a very small number of bacteria and predominantly consists of gram positive bacteria. The rate of microbial growth is greatest in the proximal areas because of high concentration of energy source. Concentration of microflora is generally about1011-1022 CFU/ml. It consists of Bacteroids, Bifidobacterium, Ruminococcus, Eubacterium and Clostridium. Chief metabolic reactions carried by the enzymes released from colonic microflora are hydrolysis and reduction. Table 3: Different microflora, enzymes and their actions Enzyme Microorganism Metabolic reactions catalysed Nitroreductase E. coli, Bacteroids Reduced aromatic and heterocyclic nitro compounds Azoreductase Clostridia, Lactobacilli, E.coli Reduced cleavage of azo compounds N oxide reductase, Sulphoxide reductase E. coli Reduced N oxides and sulphoxides Hydrogenase Clostridia, Lactobacilli Reduced carbonyl groups and aliphatic double bonds Esterases and amidases E. coli,P. vulgaris, B.subtilis, B. mycoides Cleavage of esters or amidases of carboxylic acid Glucosidase Clostridia, Eubacteria Cleavage of b- glycosidase of alcohols and phenols Glucoronidase E.coli, A. aerogenes Cleavage of b glycosidase of alcohols and phenols Sulphatase Eubacteria, streptococci Cleavage of O-sulfates and sulfamates Phamaceutical factors a) Drug candidate Drugs which show poor absorption in the stomach and intestine are most suitable for colon delivery. Drugs such as theophylline, nifedipine, diclofenac, ibuprofen, metoprolol, isoosorbide dinitrate, oxyprenolol and low molecular weight peptides and Peptide like drugs have been shown to be effectively absorbed from the colon. b) Drug carrier The selection of carrier for a particular drug candidate depends on the physicochemical nature of the drug as well as the disease for which the system is to be utilized. The factors such as chemical nature, stability and partition coefficient of drug and the type of absorption enhancers influences the carrier selection.9 Table 3: Drugs in colon targeted drug delivery Sr. No. Criteria Pharmacological class Drug and active agents 1 Drug used for local effect in colon Anti-inflammatory Drugs Oxyprenolol, Metoprolol, Nifedipine, Diclofenac, Sodium, Amylin, Antisense Oligonucleotide, 2 Drugs poorly absorbed from upper GIT Antihypertensive and antianginal drugs Ibuprofen, Isosorbides, Theophylline, Desmopressin Cyclosporine A, 3 Drugs for colon cancer Antineoplastics Pseudoephedrine, epoetin, Glucagon 4 Drugs that degrade in stomach and small intestine Peptides and proteins Bromopheniramine, 5 Flurouracil, Doxorubicin, Gonadoreline, Insulin, Interferones 5 Drugs that undergo extensive first pass metabolism Nitroglycerin and corticosteroids Nimustine, Bleomycin, Nicotine, Dexamethasone, protirelin, Sermorelin, Molgramoatim, Salotonin.

Behaviorism, Cognitivism and Constructivism

We study about three psychological school of thought Behaviorism, Cognitivism and Constructivism. In this reaction paper I notice my opinion and attitude and personal analyze about them briefly. One of the point that always think about it is that why some school of thought speak and focus on one factor of human being and deny many other factors of human nature as we see in BEHAVIORIST they believe that human nature like a tabula rasa and It assumes that each one behavior and acquisition either reflexes created by a response to sure stimulus within the environment. They didn't mention anything about inherited factors or inner of human obviously the environment, reinforcement and punishment play a great rule in acquisition but they ignore many aspect of human mind like creativity activity and looking a learner like automaton and passive creature. Radical Behaviorism maintain some important distinction with methodological form they acknowledge the view that organisms are born with innate behaviors, and also accept the role of genes and biological components in behavior. So it is more rational and moderate form of behaviorism. Cognitive theories center around the conceptualization of understudies learning procedures and address the issues of how data is gotten, sorted out, put away, and recovered by the mind. Learning is concerned not such a great amount with what students do but rather with what they know and how they come to get it. Cognitivism focus on that part of learning which deny in Behaviorism, mental activities of human mind they consider previous acquired knowledge, experiences and different abilities of each learners. They emphasize making learning significant furthermore, helping students sort out and relate new data to existing information in memory. The role of teachers in charge of helping students in sorting out that data in some ideal way. Originators utilize procedures, for example, advance coordinators, analogies, progressive connections, and grids to enable students to relate new data to earlier information. This school is more practical and flexible for considering the learner as active creature. Constructivism focus on learner and different aspect of attitude in every subject that learners can gain it. Individual and personal learning has a great role in their school. The learners in active mental process of learning should analyze and understand past experiences and adding them more details and knowledge through new experiences. We live in a real world we need practical knowledge that useful for our life so activity, knowledge, concept, culture, context are essential factors of process of learning. Plainly the focal point of constructivism is on making intellectual instruments which mirror the astuteness of the way of life in which they are utilized too as the bits of knowledge and encounters of people. There is no requirement for the mere obtaining of fixed, unique, independent ideas or subtle elements. Every different concept can be true and juxtaposition of individual ideas are gathering in social constructivism. In brief word we need all type of thinking in our world and combination of them are useful and meaningful to create more mature human being. In conclusion we can not select the best school of thought. Sometime we need to drill accents by repeation in some case we need to find out individual ability and rational and pragmatic analyze of our students. So I myself think all of them are effective in different situation and it depends on age and level of leaners and goals of lecturers. Combination of them can help us make an attractive method for language learner. Differ ideas and situation can challenge the students and help us to find out which one better work on every individual or group of learner.

The legal profession is a form of public trust

The legal profession is a form of public trust which is given only to those qualified enough to uphold the law and assist in the administration of justice. It is a duty of public service which involves sincerity, integrity and reliability, in which pecuniary considerations are a mere by-product, notwithstanding establishing lawyer-client relationships in the highest degree of fiduciary. The lawyer is an oath-bound servant of society whose conduct is clearly circumscribed by inflexible norms of law and ethics to which the ends of justice are the primary considerations. In rendering legal services to his clients, he must observe utmost fidelity to the cause of his client regardless of his personal beliefs on his client’s guilt or innocence, as even the most guilty of all criminals can still avail of the different protections afforded by the law. Sometimes, though, lawyers are faced with legal complications in providing the most adequate defenses for their clients especially when the latter are found to have deliberately violated the laws of the land. These acts do no include justifying circumstances in criminal prosecutions as these are been deemed lawful when convincingly proven in court. The acts contemplated here are acts which are considered, on its face, patent violations of the law bereft of any legal justification. However, these illegal acts do not preclude the rendering of legal services for the protection of their rights. Among the conditions and circumstances that utterly warrant the defense of illegal acts are those which are challenged based on constitutional issues involving the due process and equal protection clauses, and constitutionally-protected freedoms such as free expression and the right to privacy. The due process and the equal protection clauses have been two of the most important protections afforded by the US Constitution to the American people to safeguard them from the unwarranted intrusions of government into the free exercise of their democratic rights. As a result, many previously considered violations of the law were overturned by the US Supreme Court for abridging the due process and equal protection clauses of the constitution, to the extent that entire statutes were declared unconstitutional and taken off the statute books. In the case of Lawrence v. Texas, two gay couples were charged and convicted for â€Å"deviate sexual intercourse, namely anal sex, with a member of the same sex,† (539 U.S. 558) and violating the Texas Penal Code Ann.  §21.06(a), which provides that a person commits an offense if he engages in deviate sexual intercourse with another individual of the same sex. The homosexual couple asserted that their conviction was an infringement of the Equal Protection and Due Process Clauses of the Fourteenth amendment, in which the majority opinion answered thus These matters, involving the most intimate and personal choices a person may   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   make in a lifetime, choices central to personal dignity and autonomy, are central   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   to the liberty protected by the Fourteenth Amendment. At the heart of liberty is   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   the right to define one’s own concept of existence, of meaning, of the universe,    and of the mystery of human life. Beliefs about these matters could not define the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   attributes of personhood were they formed under compulsion of the State.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pa. v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833 (1992) Such homosexual acts in the privacy of a person’s home is subsumed in the concept stated above and their autonomy as persons to decide for themselves the concept of their own existence and meaning must be respected by the Court and the law. While convicted in the lower courts for violating the law, they were vindicated by the ruling of the Supreme Court based on their constitutional challenge. A case that was won based on procedural due process is the case of Tumey v. Ohio in which Tumey was arrested and charged with the unlawful possession of intoxicating liquor at White Oak, another village in Hamilton county, Ohio, on a warrant issued by the mayor of North College Hill. The mayor of the town then proceeded to try and convict Tumey under the existing law. His conviction was challenged based on the pecuniary interest of the mayor in convicting Tumey as he stood to gain from the amount of the costs in each case, in addition to his regular salary, as compensation for hearing such cases. There is, therefore, no way by which the mayor may be paid for his service as judge, if he does not convict those who are brought before him. The US Supreme Court looked favorably on the assertions of Tumey, reversed his conviction, and remanded the case for further trial, due to the utter lack of impartiality in the previous proceedings with the mayor sitting as a judge. This is proof once again that constitutional challenges protect the rights even of persons seen to have deliberately violated the law. In Lanzetta v. New Jersey, the appellants were indicted and convicted under the New Jersey Statute which prosecutes â€Å"any person not engaged in any lawful occupation, known to be a member of any gang consisting of two or more persons, who has been convicted at least three times of being a disorderly person, or who has been convicted of any crime, in this or any other State, is declared to be a gangster. The US Supreme Court declared the statute unconstitutional for being repugnant to the Fourteenth Amendment as the word â€Å"gang† and â€Å"gangster† is vague such that even those who belong to a group whose objective may be legal may unnecessarily be covered. Hence, due to vagueness, there is no sufficient warning to the public as to what exactly is proscribed by the law. The persons in this case, even if found to be true gangsters in a socio-cultural sense, had their convictions reversed simply due to the vagueness of the law. In the case of In Re Lynch, John Lynch was released from prison that supposedly condemned him for life behind bars as the US Supreme Court found the penalty for this offense of indecent exposure too cruel for such a light offense, relative to more heinous crimes with the same penalty. Lynch was definitely found guilty of his crime, yet the law still afforded him adequate protection despite his offenses when it was challenged based on the constitutional issue of disproportionate punishments which, although not cruel or unusual in its method, it is so disproportionate to the crime for which it is inflicted that it shocks the conscience and offends fundamental notions of human dignity. In New York Times v. Sullivan, the libel suit of L.B. Sullivan against the New York Times did not earn the affirmation of the US Supreme Court as it held that the interest of the public outweighs the interest of any other individual. While the New York Times might, on its face, erred in accurately reporting the facts of the civil rights demonstration involving Martin Luther King, the newspaper cannot be held for its criticisms of the official conduct of public officials.   In this case, the freedom of the press saved the New York Times from settling the multi-million dollar libel suit filed by Sullivan even if the lower courts found them guilty of the offense. In the famous case of Griswold v. Connecticut, Drs. Griswold and Buxton were found guilty of violating 53-32 and 54-196 of the General Statutes of Connecticut and fined $100 each for giving information, instruction, and medical advice to married persons as to the means of preventing conception, notwithstanding examining a married woman and prescribed the best contraceptive device or material for her use. The US Supreme Court reversed their convictions based on a discussion of the penumbra of rights which are formed by emanations from those constitutional guarantees that help give them life and substance. This is shown in past cases wherein, though not directly involved, the right to privacy was upheld. The court, in verbatim even said – The present case, concerns a relationship lying within the zone of privacy created   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   by several fundamental constitutional guarantees. And it concerns a law which, in   Ã‚   forbidding the use of contraceptives rather than regulating their manufacture or    sale, seeks to achieve its goals by means having a maximum destructive impact upon that relationship. Such a law cannot stand in light of the familiar principle, so often applied by this Court, that a â€Å"governmental purpose to control or prevent   Ã‚   activities constitutionally subject to state regulation may not be achieved by means which sweep unnecessarily broadly and thereby invade the area of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   protected freedoms.† Yet again, the US Supreme Court intervened in expunging responsibility from individuals who were found to be in blatant violation of the existing laws of the land. In all of these, it is patently clear that individuals found to be in deliberate violation of existing laws can still be afforded protection by our system of laws. While many other conditions and exceptions exist to warrant the defense of supposedly erring individuals and groups, the best way of going around the violations of the law is through a sound constitutional challenge before the courts of law, from the lowest courts all the way up to the US Supreme Court. It must be remembered that these are done not only for the sheer obstinacy of defending the cause of the client but also in pursuit of upholding the rule of law, the integrity of the courts and assist in the administration of justice. The duties of the lawyers are not only to prosecute and defend, but also to ensure that justice is done to all those who deserve it. Cases Cited: Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558 (2003) Tumey v. Ohio, 373 US 510 (1927) Lanzetta v. New Jersey, 306 US 451 (1939) In Re Lynch, 8 Cal 3rd 410 P. 2d (1972) New York Times v. Sullivan, 376 US 254 (1964) Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 US 47A (1965)   

Research On Diabetes And Its Effects On The Lives Of The...

Living in the 21st century, it may seem like a miracle that the people of the past survived at all. Medical procedures and beliefs at that time were often unscientific and illogical, and disease was rampant. However, new evidence suggests that our own modern understanding of medicine is also quite flawed. Research done on traditionally deadly diseases show that these illnesses may have given an evolutionary advantage to the people of the past. For one, research on hemochromatosis has not only shown that the disease helps to prevent infection, but has also challenged accepted medical processes. Research on diabetes has led to the discovery of another part of our history in which excess amounts of sugar would have been beneficial. Research on favism has shown both the dangers and benefits of plants and disease, especially among certain populations. 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